World TB Day...24th March,2011 : "On the Move Against Tuberculosis : Transforming the Fight - Towards Elimination of TB"

The 24th March of every year is World Tuberculosis Day. The relevance of the statement cannot be more reinstated on the curable communicable disease in a country like India. Out of sheer ignorance, TB is still considered a fatal disease and the struggle to eradicate the disease and to open the closed mindset of the society has become an everyday battle for patients and medical practitioners alike.  
It was on 24 March 1882 that Dr. Robert Koch made a great breakthrough in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis by detecting the TB bacillus—the cause of tuberculosis. A third of the world’s population is currently infected with TB and the World Health Organization (WHO) is networking with organizations and countries to reduce TB prevalence rates and mortality by half by 2015.

World TB Day 2011 enters into the second year of the two year campaign, “On the move against tuberculosis” focusing on innovation in TB research and care. Accelerating the campaign are fresh objectives and targets from the Global Plan to Stop TB 2011-2015: Transforming the Fight—Towards Elimination of TB, launched in October 2010 by the Stop TB partnership.
WHO TB Facts:
• TB kills more people than any other infectious disease in the world
• In developed countries TB is seen in elderly, while in developing countries it is commonly seen in young adults
• Every second, someone in the world is infected with TB
• One third of the world’s population has TB now
• 5-10 % of people infected with TB (without HIV infection) become sick or infectious at some point of time in life
INDIA TB Facts :
(i) * TB is everyone’s problem especially in India and China and it affects the most productive age group, 20 to 40 years.
(ii) * It is also the largest killer in India.
(iii) * There are 20 lakh new patients in India every year apart from the ones yet to be cured.
(iv) * And that makes it up to one third of world TB patients in India alone.
(v) * It is also disturbing to note that 3, 30, 000 people die every year and 8, 70, 000 are infectious making them capable of infecting others.
The TB Challenge :
(1)."If you have cough for two weeks or more, GET two Sputum examinations".
(2)."Lung TB is the most common form of TB constituting more than 85 % of the cases".
(3)."TB in children forms 5-15 % of all TB cases".
(4)."TB is the most common opportunistic infection in people having HIV/AIDS".
(5)."Improper/irregular/incomplete treatment can lead to multi drug resistant TB".
(6)."Sputum examination is the most reliable and cost effective tool to diagnose TB".
(7)."Best way of preventing the spread of TB is early diagnosis and complete treatment".
(8)."Every patient who is cured stops spreading TB, and every life saved is a child, a mother, or a father who will go on to live a longer, TB-free life".
Risk factors for developing TB include :
(a).Being around someone with active TB.
(b).Having a chronic illness such as diabetes.
(c).Being immunocompromised either from HIV, chemotherapy for patients with cancer, end-stage kidney disease, prolonged steroid use etc. 
(d).Working in the health care field.
(e).Living in a long-term care facility, such as a nursing home, mental institution, or prison.
(f ).Older people are also at an increased risk of developing TB.
(g).Social factors such as poverty, overcrowding, and homelessness are also risk factors of TB.

(h).Another social risk factor of TB is alcohol. It has long been evident that there is an association between alcohol use and risk of TB. The risk of active TB is substantially elevated in people who drink more than 40 g alcohol per day and/or have an alcohol use disorder. This may be due to both an increased risk of infection related to specific social mixing patterns associated with alcohol use and influence on the immune system of alcohol itself and of alcohol-related conditions.
Tackling the TB menace :
What makes tackling the TB menace so challenging is that the bacterium is so difficult to get at—it is slow growing, has very tough cell walls and remains hidden in body cells for a long while before it is detected. Treatment requires a drug regimen that is relatively long, requiring 4 to 6 months and breaking the intake of medicine in the middle develops drug resistant strains.
The current focus on TB elimination is aimed at developing simple, rapid TB tests, faster treatment regimens and bringing an effective TB vaccine to the market. To this end, the 2011 World TB campaign throws a worldwide searchlight for individuals who have devised new ways to stop TB and have inspired others in the fight against tuberculosis.

On the Move Against Tuberculosis :
Poster sessions, symposiums and conferences are lined up at the academic level all over the world to discuss the elimination of TB. In developing countries Road Show campaigns have been arranged to visit communities, health clinics and primary health centres spreading the message to Stop TB and to remove the social stigma attached to TB patients.

While it is important for governments to ensure availability of TB drugs to patients, it is equally important for family members of TB patients, health care providers and patients themselves to stick to the drug regimen and not break medication in the middle thereby complicating TB treatment further. Only a concerted effort from all—researchers, governments, healthcare providers, TB patients and their families, the drug industry, the media and all members of the civil society, will ensure a stiff and effective fight against tuberculosis—a disease that is both preventable and curable.
Q. Tuberculosis is curable, yet society continues to ostracize and stigmatise TB patients. Why is that ?
A. Previous experiences and movies. Movies around the 50s and 60s have romanticised TB projecting patients as coughing, bleeding and eventually dying. Before the 50s and 60s there was no concept of chemotherapy and TB patients were kept in ventilated sanatoriums. It was usually the patients with natural immunity that survived. Somehow the movie version of TB has been ingested. Hence scientific facts must be gotten right. TB is curable with correct treatment, and periodic monitoring by medical professionals trained in it.
Q. TB is complicated to handle. How has it become a primary concern?
A. TB is everyone’s problem especially in India and China and it affects the most productive age group, 20 to 40 years. It is also the largest killer in India. There are 20 lakh new patients in India apart from the ones yet to be cured. And that makes it up to one third of world TB patients in India alone. It is also disturbing to note that 3, 30, 000 people die every year and 8, 70, 000 are infectious making them capable of infecting others.
Q. Last year the DOTS Plus guidelines had been released. What's the effectiveness of DOTS ?
A. Direct Observation Treatment, Short Course (DOTS), is a procedure where medication is given under direct observation by a health worker. Since TB is a chronic disease the shortest course lasts for at least six months and depending on the severity, the duration is bound to increase to 9 months to even a year. If the treatment extends, then the motivation to continue the treatment decreases. Also, once the patient starts to get asymptomatic the motivation to continue treatment decreases.
The effectiveness of DOTS will be ensured only if patients follow the entire treatment until TB is completely eradicated. The educated dutifully follow the entire treatment; it is the poorly informed who discontinue before they are cured.
Q. The population is vast, what are the suggestions to provide uniform services ?
A. One of the challenges is the accessibility to the centres that provide DOTS. People from rural areas, hilly regions, find it difficult to reach the centres. Travelling to these centres could cost them their livelihood in case of casual labourers. In such cases, even post-men and school teachers are requested to deliver DOTS to patients living in remote areas. There should be more centres set up to provide treatment.
Q. What is the difference between the treatment provided by the government and private hospitals ?
A. DOTS are provided by the WHO and the government for free. The pills are administered thrice a week, every alternate day. Whereas in private hospitals 3 to 4 drugs are bought from pharmacies and the treatment is on an everyday basis. They are both equally effective.
 Q. What are the the current challenges in treating TB ?
A. The emergence of Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is dangerous. Drug resistant TB is not curable by usual TB treatment and treatment is 20 times more expensive and needs at least 1 and half years to get cured. The time needed for identification of Resistant Tuberculosis is long(5-6 weeks) and the test is expensive and not available commonly in usual labs; hence there should be more referral sites.
In addition, newer diagnostic methods should be implemented, cost factor should be considered and quicker identification must be enforced. Most importantly, research and development needs to be in place and encouraged. That is the theme behind this World TB Day 2011’s slogan- Transforming the fight Towards Elimination. This new plan, for the first time, identifies all the research gaps that need to be filled to bring rapid TB tests, faster treatment regimens and a fully effective vaccine to market.

In general, the anti-TB medications are very safe. The prevention of MDR-TB is of utmost importance. In simpler terms, some bugs need 3 pesticides to kill it; similarly TB always needs 3 to 4 drugs to prevent it from becoming drug resistant. The wholesome regimen has to be adhered to ensure the treatment is effective.

Support TB patients, do not push them away. They can do with all the encouragement starting with eceiving a simple act of concern such as enquiring about their well-being. Health workers should exert pressure in a positive way so patients will stay on course when patients get asymptomatic.

Japan Radiation Fears .... greatly exaggerated !!!!

 As workers struggle to contain the fallout from the crippled nuclear plant in northeastern Japan, people as far away as Illinois are calling public health officials in a state of panic.

There is much hue and cry all over the world to buy 'Potassium Iodide' .. a drug known to protect thyroid gland from radiation to some extent. Panic is being created even on some social websites like Facebook, and Twitter etc. by some people.

They are hoping to get their hands on potassium iodide pills to protect them from radiation -- despite warnings that, in the absence of a real nuclear threat, taking the medicine is riskier than doing nothing.

Sixty-six years after the first atomic bomb exploded over the city of Hiroshima, radiation spooks people everywhere. But the anxiety is largely disproportionate to the actual danger.
"People in general have an exaggerated fear of radiation. That is true in the United States, and it is probably even more so in Japan & whole Asia" said Jerrold Bushberg, director of health physics programs and clinical professor of radiology and radiation oncology at the University of California Davis.
Despite the Japanese government's assurances that the risk so far is minimal, residents of Tokyo have flooded out of the city and foreigners have fled the country, hoping to escape a threat they cannot see.

The fact is that everyone is exposed to small amounts of radiation every day just from living on earth or flying in an airplane. That all adds up to about 2.4 units, known as millisieverts, a year. This can vary widely, ranging from 1 to 10 millisieverts, depending on where you live.

Background radiation will cause 1 out of 100 people to die of cancer in their lifetimes, said Dr. Donald Bucklin, who spent 10 years as medical director for the Palo Verde nuclear plant in Arizona, the largest nuclear plant in the United States. Additional exposure increases this risk.
In Tokyo, 150 miles from the Fukushima Daiichi plant, people grew fearful when readings rose about 10 times above the normal reading. At that level, residents were exposed to 0.809 microsieverts per hour -- 1,000 times less than a millisievert, or about 10 times less than a chest X-ray.
"The levels of radiation experienced by the public at present should be no cause for concern," said Dr. Richard Wakeford, visiting professor of epidemiology at the Dalton Nuclear Institute at University of Manchester in Britain.

"To put radiation doses into context, many Japanese undergo CT scans for cancer screening purposes, and these scans produce radiation doses of about 10 millisieverts (10,000 microsieverts) -- much more than they are receiving from the Fukushima reactors."
Japan radiation localized, no immediate threat: WHO :
Friday,March.18,2011 .... The WHO believes the spread of radiation from a quake crippled nuclear plant in Japan remains limited and appears to pose no immediate threat or risk to health.
At this point, there is still no evidence that there's been significant radiation spread beyond the immediate zone of the reactors themselves," Michael O'Leary (WHO China's representative) told a group of reporters.
"At the same time, we know that the situation is evolving and we need to monitor closely and see what happens over time. Things can obviously change, and have changed, over this last week."

(This GeoEye's IKONOS satellite image was taken over the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan at 10:19 am (Tokyo time) on March 17, 2011 and released to Reuters on March 17 ).
Japan has been battling for nearly a week to bring under control the overheating Fukushima nuclear plant after it was battered by a massive earthquake and tsunami.
Experts and officials fear a major leak of radioactive substances from the plant could pose a serious health risk, and China, India and nearby countries have stepped up monitoring of radiation levels.
O'Leary suggested that the impact of such an event on this region would be small, but said other factors mattered too.
"The reactors, of course, are quite far from India and China. The risk of spread depends on several factors. One is obviously the amount of radioactive material, or radionuclides, that are released from the reactor itself. Beyond that are weather and wind conditions that determine," he said.
"As with anything that spreads or can spread out, the farther away you are, the more dispersed it is."
The emergency has sparked panic buying of iodized salt in China and India , based on the misunderstanding that the iodine it contains could prevent the body's intake of radioactive iodine that could be released in the event of a major explosion at the plant.
But O'Leary said iodine should not be taken indiscriminately or treated as a substitute for supplements administered before or shortly after radiation exposure to reduce the risk of long-term cancer.
"It should not be taken indiscriminately. It does have potential side effects," he said.
"The amount of iodine in salt is very small. It wouldn't be possible to consume enough salt to get a protective dose. In the end, not many people will need iodine supplements."

Sprouts the Super Food - "Powerhouse of Nutrients".

Consuming sprouts is like eating live vegetable food. Think for yourself, how nutrient-dense a growing food could be…

It is said that sprouts ‘represent the miracle of birth’. They are in the true sense, super foods. They are alkaline, whole, pure, and natural foods. It is inexcusable that though aware of their miraculous effects, we do not take full advantage of them. We scour departmental and organic stores, looking for health foods and recipes, but forget to eat ordinary sprouts on daily basis – considering them a poor cousin of high-fashion health foods.
Sprouts are the cheapest and most convenient source of complete nourishment. They are food for long-term health and wellness. If consumed judiciously and chosen over other foods, they can prevent diseases and lifestyle-related ailments. Sprouting a seed enables it to produce an enormously enhanced bundle of nutrients.
A sprout is at the transitional stage between seed and plant. It is, to put it simply, a baby plant. These are essentially pre-digested foods as the seeds’ own enzymes do most of the work. The nutritional changes that occur during sprouting primarily happen because complex compounds get broken down into simpler forms. This, added to development of some essential nutrients, constituents, and breakdown of anti-nutrients, makes the whole phenomenon of sprouting possible. Metabolic activity in dormant seeds is initiated as soon as they are hydrated during soaking.
Sprouted seeds acquire natural increased digestibility and nutrients as compared to unsprouted seeds. They provide us with all the essential minerals and vitamins, and must ideally form a part of our daily diets.
The sprouting process:
On sprouting, grains, legumes, and seeds turn into super foods. They then become an extremely sound source of protein, fiber, and vitamin B.
All edible grains, legumes, and seeds can be sprouted. The following are generally used for sprouting:
Grains: Wheat (wheat grass is the sprouted form of wheat. It must be juiced. Soak hard wheat grains for 12 hours and then grow in soil. It will be ready in 12 days’ time), maize, ragi, barley, bajra.
Seeds: Alfalfa seeds (sensitive to heat, ready in seven days), sesame seeds, radish seeds, fenugreek seeds (bitter in taste. To be mixed with milder sprouts to tone it down, ready in 9 days’ time), coriander seeds, pumpkin seeds, and musk melon seeds, groundnut.
Legumes: Green gram, Bengal gram, chickpea, kidney beans, dried peas.
Oats: (oat groats) to be used -- ready in 3 to 4 days), buckwheat, quinoas are foods which are lesser known as sprouts, but are at the same time, highly nutritious. They should be sprouted and consumed if readily available.
Alfalfa is called the ‘father of all foods’ or the ‘king of sprouts’. It is highly rich in minerals like manganese and is also a rich source of vitamins A, B, C, E, and K. It also contains all the essential amino acids. Alfalfa contains most of the essential amino acids and has a higher concentration of calcium than milk. The lesser explored sesame seed sprouts are also said to be great source nutrients. They too, contain most of the essential amino acids and are high in vitamin E and vitamin B complex, apart from other nutrients.
The sprouting process :
Firstly, one has to ensure that the seeds, legumes or grains will easily sprout. (For instance, soyabeans are said to become sour and do not sprout too well; and wheat has to be grown in soil). The seeds should be thoroughly washed and then soaked in fresh water overnight. The time span of soaking is mostly 12 hours, though it depends on the size of the seeds. Next morning the seeds should be rinsed and the water drained off. Soaking turns the seed soft and laden with water. They eventually germinate and become sprouts in two to three days’ time, depending upon the temperature and humidity. One should not soak the seeds for a longer period than required, as the seeds may rot and ferment. After they sprout, they should be stored in a refrigerator.

Nutritional Benefits:
The ISS (International Speciality Supply, USA) is a company that supplies sprouts to many countries. It describes in detail, the nutrient changes which occur during the process of sprouting. On sprouting, there is a tremendous increase in nutrients as compared to the dried embryo. The vitamins, minerals and protein content substantially increase with a simultaneous decrease in caloric and carbohydrate content. Pulses and seeds show a very low water content. This, however, tends to increase tenfold when converted into sprouts. The ISS elaborates that sprouted green gram (mung beans) have an 8.3 percent increase of water content over dried beans. Hence the nutritional value of sprouted and dried mung beans can be compared by multiplying the analyzed nutrients of sprouted mung beans by the factor of 8.3. Based on this criterion, the changes found in sprouted mung beans when compared with the figures for the beans in the dried state are as follows:
Energy content (calories)..... Decrease 15 percent
Total carbohydrate content..... Decrease 15 percent
Protein availability..... Increase 30 percent
Calcium content.... Increase 34 percent
Potassium content.... Increase 80 percent
Sodium content.... Increase 690 percent
Iron content.... Increase 40 percent
Phosphorous content.... Increase 56 percent
Vitamin A content.... Increase 285 percent
Thiamine or Vitamin B1 content Increase 208 percent
Riboflavin or Vitamin B2 content.... Increase 515 percent
Niacin or Vitamin B3 content.... Increase 256 percent
Ascorbic acid or Vitamin C content.... An infinite increase
The increase in protein availability is of great significance. It is a valuable indicator of the enhanced nutritional value of a food when sprouted. The amazing fact is that sprouts are a food -- very easily available to all sections of society, and yet the biggest storehouse of all nutrients. The reduction in carbohydrate content indicates molecules being broken down during sprouting to allow absorption of atmospheric nitrogen and re-formation of amino-acids. The resultant protein is the most easily digestible of all proteins available in foods.

Grains, legumes are nowhere even near to be considered a source of vitamin C. However, when sprouted, they reveal significant quantities of this vitamin. The infinite increase in Vitamin C or ascorbic acid derives from their absorption of atmospheric elements during growth.
Sprouts supply food in a pre-digested form -- food, which has already been acted upon by enzymes and simplified. During sprouting, much of the starch is broken down into simple sugars such as glucose and sucrose by the action of the enzyme ‘amylase’. Proteins are converted into amino acids and amides. Fats and oils are converted into simpler fatty acids by the action of the enzyme lipase. Also, during sprouting there is s reduction in the gas producing quality of beans. Mainly oligosaccharides have been held responsible for gas formation. As the process of germination ends and sprouting begins, the content of oligosaccharides is reduced by 90 percent. The content of fiber and water increases tremendously, which is a boon for a healthy digestive system.
Sprouts are a good source of chlorophyll, said to have anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. They are highly beneficial foods for losing weight too. They keep one full for a long time and also prevent over-eating as one feels satisfied on consuming just a handful.
Sprouts are an extremely inexpensive method of obtaining a concentration of protein, vitamins, minerals and enzymes. Eating sprouts is the safest and best way of getting the advantage of complete nutrition.
Cooking with Sprouts:

Sprouts could be eaten in various ways, other than just the standard salads that we generally know of. They could be used in the following ways:
* To make hummus to be used as dips, for sandwich fillings (sprouted chickpea is best suited for this).
* To make healthy vegetables and curries.
* To be crushed lightly and added to pancakes, or used as a filling for pancakes.
* To prepare a variety of stir fries.
* To cook and serve with rice.
* To be added to yoghurts.
* To be juiced up (wheat grass is a sprout).
* To be dried and turned into malt. This is called malted flour. It is especially given to babies in the form of porridge as it is easily digestible and has a high nutrient density. Ragi malt (Red millet malt) is very commonly prepared in southern India. It’s highly rich in calcium and iron, and is relished by all age groups. The dry ragi sprouts are roasted with wheat, green mung dal, and almonds, and are then ground and cooked with milk and sugar. Malted multigrain flours are also readily available. They can be had as porridge, they can be mixed in flour, or can be added to various food preparations.


 

 



**** New Hopes..New Decade..New Year 2011 ****



To all my Blogger and Facebook friends, Blog readers and Blog visitors.

*****

On New Year's Day

and the whole year through,

I hope the kindness

you've given to others

returns many times to you.

May hope, love, and warmth

be in your heart's possessing,

and may the New Year

bring you and yours

many blessings.

Happy New Year!!!

********Merry Christmas********

It's Christmas and

I just wanted to say


"Thank You" and that....


It's been a pleasure


blogging with you this past year...

And may the essence of Christmas remains always with you...


**** Merry Christmas to all my blogger friends and my blog readers/visitors ****

May Jesus shower all HIS blessings on you and your families !!!.

AMEN.........

Light and Depression.

Depression might be caused by too much light when you're sleeping.

The causes of depression are many and complex, but who'd have thought too much light could be part of the problem? Hamsters who sleep in total darkness are less susceptible to depression, and the same could be true of humans.Basking in the glow of your TV, smart phone or living room lights late into the night may put you at risk for depression, suggests a new study. **Exposure to dim lights when it should be dark may contribute to depression. **Light exposure at the wrong times of day has been linked to all sorts of health problems. **To boost your mood, it might help to give yourself some solid hours of true darkness at night.

The research, which involved hamsters, adds to growing evidence in both animals and people that exposure to even dim lights at night can lead to all sorts of negative health consequences, including breast cancer, sleep disorders and weight gain. Ohio State neuroscientist Tracy Bedrosian placed hamsters in one of two different environments. In the first, the hamsters spent 16 hours in daylight and then spent 8 hours in absolute darkness. The second group still got 16 hours of daylight, but their 8 sleeping hours were spent in the company of a dim light, roughly the equivalent of leaving one's TV on all night in an otherwise dark room.

Eight weeks later, Bedrosian tested the hamsters for signs of depression. The easiest way to spot depression in an animal like a hamster is see whether they demonstrate a preference for pleasurable treats like sugar water. The hamsters that spent 8 hours in total darkness showed a clear preference for sugar water over regular water, but the hamsters that slept with a dim light showed no preference at all. That suggests they're suffering from anhedonia, or an inability to feel pleasure, a key indicator of depression.Indeed, there were key differences in the brains of the two hamster groups. The hamsters that slept with the light had fewer dendritic spines, in the hippocampus area of brain. Dendritic spines are hair-like protrusions that brain cells use to communicate with one another. This ties in with human studies of depression that show the disease correlates with a shrinking of the hippocampus region.

Shown here is a PET scan revealing "hot spots"(orange-yellow areas) of increased activity in a non-depressed brain comparing a depressed brain and shrinkage in size of depressed brain.

Bedrosian suggests that these brain changes could be caused by a deficiency in the hormone melatonin. The hormone is essential in letting the body know that it's nighttime, but nearby light sources can reduce its production. Other studies have revealed melatonin's antidepressant qualities, which suggests a lack of it could spur on depression. This also fits neatly with studies demonstrating an increased risk of mood disorders for people who work at night.To explain how light exposure at night might affect the moods of both hamsters and people, the researchers turn to a hormone called melatonin. Our bodies start churning out the hormone as soon as we sense darkness, and its influence is broad. Among other roles, melatonin acts as an antioxidant. It regulates our circadian rhythms. It helps us fall asleep, and it controls the release of other hormones.With even a small amount of ambient light at night, the body might release the wrong amount of melatonin, or melatonin might get produced at the wrong time, leading to any number of problems, said neurologist Phyllis Zee, director of the Sleep Disorders Program at Northwestern University in Chicago. Studies have already implicated problems in the melatonin system with mood disorders, diabetes and sleep disturbances.

"They're all somehow related," Zee said, "and perhaps melatonin helps explain why there is this very strong relationship between depression, sleep, and circadian rhythms, as well as obesity and metabolism."
"Light affects so many biological systems," she added. "Light is a very powerful drug for the brain."
Major depression has grown more common in recent decades. And while there is probably no single reason for the trend, researchers suspect that light disturbances may play a part.
That suspicion is based, in part, on the simple observation that people today are exposed to far more sources of artificial light at night than they were 100 years ago. More people have computers in their bedrooms. More people fall asleep with the TV on.
Studies have also found that people who work night shifts have higher rates of mood disorders compared to people who sleep when their bodies are supposed to sleep.
It might be a good idea to avoid falling asleep with the TV or other light sources on. If nothing else, turning these off before you go to sleep will save on electricity bills, and that should be enough to buoy anyone's spirits.(Live Science)

CANCER - How much do we know ?.

Isn't it alarming that each year, over 12 million people receive a cancer diagnosis and 7.6 million die of the disease even when we know that approx.40 % of cancers are potentially preventable.

What is Cancer ?.

Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells which are able to invade and damage the organ in which they develop and also invade the other organs in their vicinity.Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through blood or lymph.

How cancer develops ?

Cancer development is a highly complex process occurring at intracellular level.The following two videos are self explanatory of the mechanism of development of cancer at the cell level and its further progression.


What causes Cancer ?.
Apparently it is difficult to identify reasoning for most cancers.However, certain risk factors like smoking, chewing tobacco etc. are known to increase the chance that you are more likely to develop certain cancers of mouth,throat and lung.The substances, excessive exposure of which can lead to cancer are called Carcinogens.

Well known examples of Carcinogens are :

(1) Tobacco : 

Cancer Cures Smoking.

Smoking Grave.

Cancer Lips in a tobacco chewer.

Rick Bender,a former base ball player and tobacco chewer,after cancer surgery of lower jaw.

If you smoke or chew tobacco, you are more likely to develop cancer of the lungs,mouth,throat, esophagus bladder and pancreas.Smoking is thought to cause about a quarter of of all cancers.The heavier you smoke,the greater the risk.

(2) Workplace Chemicals : 

 Chemicals such as Asbestos,Benzene, Formalin etc.are known carcinogens.If you have worked with these chemicals without protection ,you have an increased risk of developing certain cancers like urinary bladder cancer,lung cancer,and skin cancers.For example a cancer called Mesothelioma is linked to past exposure to asbestos.Exhausts from factories and automobile sector is the biggest  problem now.

A common question often asked is "Doctor I have never taken any alcohol and tobacco in my entire life and also I have always lead  a healthy lifestyle,still I developed cancer,what actually happened ?"

(3) Radiation : 

Radiation is a well known carcinogen.Present day telecommunication advances viz. TV towers,wireless towers,cell phones etc pose a great threat to cancer development and its impact will be overt in 10-15 years time.Unnecessary medical irradiation in form of needless X-rays,ultrasounds,CT scans ,MRI's etc are also a great threat. Increasing sun rays radiation, 2nd world war aftermaths, and nuclear power plant disasters are a more than testimony to carcinogenesis.

There are certain other risks related to causation of cancer although they are highly variable in different settings : 

(a) Age : A good majority of certain cancers like breast cancer,prostate cancer,are attributable to age.

The reason for this lies in the fact that as you become older,there is an inappreciable accumulation of damage to cells in the body over time.For example,the ability to repair damaged cells and the immune system which may have destroyed the abnormal cells,may become less efficient with age.So,eventually one damaged cell may manage to survive and multiply 'out of control' into a cancer.

Women after 40 years of age and men after 50 years of age should undergo regular cancer screening programme to detect them at the earliest stage when they are most curable.

(b) Lifestyle factors : Diet and other lifestyle factors may increase or decrease the risk of developing cancer.

For example : 

 If you eat a a lot of fruits and vegetables you have a reduced  risk of developing certain cancers like stomach and intestinal cancers.The exact way in which they protect against cancer is not fully understood.They form the 'roughage' which lead to better bowel movements and efficient fecal clearance and therefore less exposure of intestines to harmful chemicals and by-products in the food and body, thus preventing cancer formation.These foods are also rich in vitamins and minerals,and also contain chemicals called 'anti-oxidants' which neutralize these harmful chemicals formed in the body.

'Dos' and 'Donts' to your dietary habits : 

*We should try to have at least some portions of fruits and vegetables per day (Experts recommend as much as possible).

* Eating too much of fatty foods possibly increases the risk of developing certain cancers like intestinal,prostate and uterus cancers.

*The risk of developing certain cancers is increased by obesity and lack of regular exercises,and drinking a lot of alcohol.

(c) Alcohol : Alcohol, a well known recreational and euphoric drink,always demands its dividends in form of soooo many human diseases.

In people of Indian origin,there is an increased risk of developing alcohol related diseases and ca

ncers as compared to western population.

Alcohol consumption increases the chances of liver,breast,colon,pancreas,stomach,throat and food pipe cancers as shown in the above diagram.

Polyamines-natural compounds essential for cell growth-react with acetaldehyde,which is produced when alcohol is metabolized in the body, to trigger a series of reactions that damage DNA - an event that can lead to formation of cancer.

It's not just heavy drinking - even small amounts of alcohol increases risk, but the more you drink, the greater the risk.

Despite some evidence that drinking regular, small amounts of alcohol (e.g. red wine) may reduce heart disease in older adults, there's no evidence that alcohol helps protect you from any type of cancer.
Your risk of cancer is the same for all types of alcohol including beer, wine and spirits.
How much should I drink?
To reduce the risk of cancer, you should limit your intake of alcohol or, better still, avoid it all together.
For those who do drink alcohol, we recommend no more than 2 standard drinks a day.
We also recommend those who drink avoid binge drinking (a single occasion of heavy drinking over a short period of time) and have at least 1 or 2 alcohol-free days each week.
Tips for drinking less
If you choose to drink:
# Alternate alcoholic drinks with non-alcoholic ones like sparkling or plain water (soda, lime and bitters is a great alternative to alcohol).
# Eat some food when you drink alcohol. Think of a glass of wine or beer as something to have with a meal rather than on its own.
# Dilute alcoholic drinks, for example, try a shandy (beer and lemonade) or white wine and mineral water.
# Choose a low-alcohol (or no-alcohol) beer and/or wine.
# Use water to quench your thirst and sip alcoholic drinks slowly.
# Offer to be the designated driver when you go out so you drink less, but make sure you stay under .05

Also along with smoking it further increases your chances of developing  cancers of mouth,throat,food pipe,breathing pipe and stomach.

(d) Infections : Infections in certaion parts of the body (mostly viral) are linked to certain cancers.

HPV-virus of cancer cervix.

For example,people with persistent infection with Hepatitis B virus or the Hepatitis C virus have an increased risk of developing cancer of the liver.Certain other infections,attributable to poor hygiene, like Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) can lead to cervical,penile and anal canal cancers.Most (possibly all) women who develop cervix cancer have been infected with a strain of the HPV virus at some point in their life.Similarly,infections with AIDS virus (Retrovirus), Herpes virus and Epstein Barr (EB) virus have lead to cancer development.

An important point here is that although these infections can be transmitted from one person to another, cancer is not a communicable disease i.e. it doesn't spread from one person to another by touch,living together,eating together,working together etc.

About 21% of global cancer burden is caused by  infections. The incidence of infections related cancer is only 10% in the Western or developed countries. The incidence is a high 40% in Asian, African and Latin American developing countries. In general society and persons living in poor sanitary and hygiene conditions are at higher risk of getting carcinogenic infections. Chronic infections can lead to cancer. The key factors increasing cancer risk are : age of infection, co-infection, smoking, immunocompromised status, malnutrition and poor hygiene. Development of vaccines and antiviral and antiparasitic agents can offer a cost effective treatment and prevention to high cost anticancer drugs. Herpes, Papilloma and retroviruses are the most important human infectious carcinogens. Chronic infection with the bacteria Helicobacter pylori also causes stomach cancer.

(e) Immune System : If you are week in your defenses to protect your own territories,then you are always in danger of intrusion by enemies/diseases.

People with a poor immune system have an increased risk of developing certain cancers.This is because our body has a natural immunity against development and progression of cancers. For example,people with AIDS,or people on immunosuppressive drugs/therapy are likely to develop blood cancers,sarcomas (soft tissues cancer), and cervix cancers.

(f) Your Genetic Make-up : Your genes are the mirror images/reflections of your biological life chemistry.

There are more chances of developing cancers when your relatives (blood relations) have history of cancers.This risk increases when the number of relatives suffering with cancer increases.Common examples are cancers of breast ,thyroid,adrenals and large intestines (colon).We should be aware regarding the risk of development of these cancers and in consultation with a specialist get regular checkups at the defined age and time period.

Most cancers are probably due to a combination of factors.

Not everybody who comes in contact with a carcinogen or has an unhealthy lifestyle will develop cancer. For example,not all smokers develop cancer of the lung.In fact,we are all probably exposed to low doses of carcinogens a lot of the time.The body has certain mechanisms which may protect us from developing cancer.For example, it is thought that many cells which are damaged by carcinogens can repair themselves instead of turning cancerous and similarly the body's immune system may be able to destroy some of these carcinogen induced abnormal cells (who haven't repaired themselves) before they multiply and turn into a cancer.In many cases it is likely that a combination of of factors such as genetic make-up,exposure to a carcinogen,age,diet,the state of your immune system,etc.play a part to trigger a cell to become abnormal,and allow it to multiply 'out of control' into a cancer.

How is Cancer detected ?

Early signs of Cancer (CAUTION) :

*Change in bowel or bladder (stool or urine) habits.

*A sore or an ulcer or a wound that does not heal..

*Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in body..

*Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere in body

*Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing or breathing

*Obvious change in size /color of a wart/mole/lump

*Nagging cough,irritation or hoarseness of voice....

Besides,these seven words of CAUTION, a few other constitutional symptoms may point towards cancer development like :

* loss of weight,

 * loss of appetite,

* undue fatigue,

* persitent breathlessness,

* increasing anemia or falling hemoglobin,

* appearance of jaundice in middle or old age,

* bleeding from any outlet of the body,

* pigmentation in mouth,over face or over any part of the body.

Some tumor/cancer markers to remember :

(1).Cancer Ovary :      CA-125, CEA

(2).Cancer Pancreas :     CA-19.9, CEA

(3).Cancer Breast :     CA-15.3, CA-27.29, HER-2/neu

(4).Cancer Prostate :     PSA, PAP 

(5).Cancer Colon :      CEA, p53

(6).Cancer Stomach :     CA-72.4, CEA

(7).Cancer Liver :      AFP, CEA

(8).Cancer Lung :     Cyfra-21.1, NSE

(9).Cancer Cervix :     HPV

(10).Cancer Placenta :     Beta HCG

(11).Cancer Testes :     AFP, Beta HCG 

(12).Cancer Thyroid :     Calcitonin, TG

(13).Cancer Adrenals :    VMA, Chromogranin

Cancer Diagnosis : 

1. FNAC

2. Biopsy

3. Ultrasonography

4. Radio-imaging

5. MRI/CAT Scan

6. Tumor markers

How is cancer treated ?

1. Surgery

2. Chemotherapy

3. Radiotherapy

4. Combined therapy

Is Cancer Curable ?

A  simple answer to this question is YES. 

Yes cancer is curable when detected in the early curable stage. Although it is a very general statement but more than 80 % of cancers today are completely curable if treated early.

For a cancer to be curable there are 3 factors : 

1. Type of cancer

2. The stage of the cancer

3.How well does the patient finally respond to the therapy and his mental approach to the disease

A belief that "vaccine can cure cancer" is a myth. Vaccine can help against a disease caused by a germ like virus which later on can lead to cancer development.

Preventive measures for Cancer :

"seven wonders" 

 The risk of developing cancer can significantly be reduced through simple measures : 

1. Stop tobacco use and avoid exposure to second hand smoke.

2. Avoid or limit alcohol consumption.

3. Avoid excessive sun exposure.

4. Strengthen your immune system.

5. Maintain a healthy weight by healthy diet and regular exercise.

6. Protect against cancer causing infections.

7. Adopt regular cancer screening pro-gramme after 40 years of age.

I had highlighted about Breast cancer (the leading cancer worldwide)  in one of my older posts and now I am highlighting Cervix Cancer (the 2nd most common cancer worldwide and leading cancer in India) through following informative videos.

Please see and listen to them and spread the more and more information about this 2nd deadly killer worldwide.